Understanding ADHD: A Comprehensive Guide

What is ADHD?

ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by developmentally inappropriate levels of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. It is one of the most common childhood disorders, though it can persist into adolescence and adulthood, often with evolving symptoms.

Symptoms of ADHD

• Inattention: Difficulty sustaining focus, careless mistakes, avoiding tasks requiring sustained mental effort, frequently losing things, forgetfulness, and being easily distracted.

• Hyperactivity: Excessive movement, fidgeting, difficulty staying seated, talking excessively, and feeling restless in inappropriate settings.

• Impulsivity: Interrupting conversations, trouble waiting turns, and acting without considering consequences.

Causes of ADHD

ADHD arises from a complex interplay of genetic, neurological, and environmental factors. A strong hereditary component is confirmed by twin studies. Differences in brain structure and function, particularly in regions for attention and impulse control, play a significant role. Environmental factors like premature birth, low birth weight, and prenatal exposure to alcohol or tobacco may increase risk but are not direct causes. There is no strong evidence that sugar or television cause ADHD, but stress can worsen symptoms.

How is ADHD Treated?

There is no cure for ADHD, but treatments are effective in managing symptoms. Stimulant medications are the first-line treatment and are effective for about 70% of patients. Non-stimulant medications are an alternative. Behavioral therapy, parent training, and school interventions are also key components of treatment. For adults, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) can be particularly helpful.